International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 202-210 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 207 exploring the use of thermoresistant vaccines, which offer stability and consistent immune responses across different chicken types, should be prioritized (Abdoshah et al., 2022). Research should also aim to identify new antigens and develop novel methods for vaccine antigen delivery to enhance efficacy and protection (Zhang and Lin, 2024). 8.2 Policy and regulatory considerations Policymakers should consider revising current vaccination protocols to incorporate more effective and safer vaccines, such as the aroA-deleted live vaccine for avian colibacillosis, which has shown significant efficacy and safety in field trials (Mombarg et al., 2014). Regulatory frameworks should support the approval and widespread adoption of innovative vaccines that demonstrate clear advantages over traditional methods, such as the unique live virus vaccine for avian encephalomyelitis and fowlpox, which has been proven safe and effective in large-scale applications. Additionally, policies should encourage the use of vaccines that can be administered through more accessible routes, such as drinking water or spray, to benefit smallholder and rural poultry producers (Mebrahtu et al., 2018). 8.3 Education and training initiatives Education and training initiatives should focus on equipping poultry farmers with the knowledge and skills necessary to implement effective vaccination programs. Training should emphasize the importance of proper vaccine administration techniques and the benefits of using advanced vaccines, such as those that combine multiple antigens for broader protection (Sarma et al., 2019). Furthermore, educational programs should highlight the role of medicinal plants and supplements, like Immulant® based on Echinacea and Nigella sativa, in enhancing vaccine efficacy and reducing stress-induced pathogenicity in poultry (Eladl et al., 2019). By improving farmer education, the poultry industry can ensure better compliance with vaccination protocols and enhance overall flock health and productivity. 9 Concluding Remarks The field trials and studies on vaccine efficacy in poultry farms have demonstrated significant advancements in the control of infectious diseases in chickens. The Newcastle disease I2 vaccine, when administered via drinking water and spray, showed protective antibody levels comparable to the eye drop method, ensuring 100% survival against virulent strains. Similarly, a unique live virus vaccine for avian encephalomyelitis and fowlpox was found to be safe and effective, with a 97% protection rate against avian encephalomyelitis and no adverse reactions reported in over 400 million vaccinated chickens. The use of live coccidiosis vaccines in large-scale trials also indicated improvements in production indices, suggesting a viable alternative to anticoccidial drugs. Additionally, the aroA-deleted live vaccine against avian colibacillosis demonstrated efficacy in reducing mortality and improving weight gain in broilers. Poultry farmers are encouraged to adopt vaccination programs that utilize proven delivery methods such as drinking water and spray for Newcastle disease, which have been shown to be effective under smallholder conditions. Policymakers should support the development and distribution of multivalent vaccines, like the one for avian encephalomyelitis and fowlpox, which offer comprehensive protection and ease of administration. Furthermore, the integration of live coccidiosis vaccines into routine vaccination schedules can enhance productivity and reduce reliance on drugs. It is also recommended to consider the use of aroA-deleted vaccines for controlling colibacillosis, given their demonstrated safety and efficacy. Vaccination remains a cornerstone in the management of poultry health, offering a sustainable solution to controlling infectious diseases that cause significant economic losses. The studies reviewed highlight the importance of selecting appropriate vaccines and delivery methods tailored to specific farm conditions and disease challenges. Continued research and innovation in vaccine development are essential to address emerging threats and improve the overall health and productivity of poultry populations. The role of vaccination is not only crucial for disease prevention but also for enhancing food security and supporting the livelihoods of poultry farmers worldwide.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==