International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 202-210 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 206 6.2 Environmental and management factors Environmental and management factors are critical in shaping the outcomes of vaccination programs in poultry farms. The design and interpretation of vaccine studies often vary due to differences in husbandry systems, breed of chickens, and the conditions under which vaccines are administered. Factors such as the timing of vaccine delivery, the species and strain of pathogens, and the parameters used to assess vaccine efficacy can all influence the results of vaccination trials (Soutter et al., 2020). Moreover, the welfare and performance of chickens, including their housing conditions and nutritional status, can impact their immune responses and, consequently, the effectiveness of vaccines. 6.3 Vaccine handling and administration Proper handling and administration of vaccines are essential to ensure their efficacy. The method of vaccine delivery, whether injectable or through mass application, can affect the immune response in chickens. Injectable vaccines, while effective, are time-consuming and may not be feasible for large-scale operations, whereas mass-application methods are less common but offer potential for efficiency (Nielsen et al., 2023). Additionally, maintaining the cold chain and ensuring the correct dosage and timing of vaccine administration are crucial to prevent degradation and ensure optimal immune response. The development of recombinant and vectored vaccines has also introduced new considerations for handling, as these vaccines may require specific conditions to maintain their stability and effectiveness (Kapczynski et al., 2015). 7 Strategies for Enhancing Vaccine Efficacy in Poultry Farms 7.1 Optimizing vaccination protocols Optimizing vaccination protocols is crucial for enhancing vaccine efficacy in poultry farms. One approach is the development of broadly protective vaccines that can simplify vaccination regimens and reduce costs associated with poultry husbandry (Ravikumar et al., 2022). Additionally, the use of DNA vaccines, which can be tailored to induce strong immune responses even in the presence of maternal antibodies, offers a promising alternative (Meunier et al., 2015). The timing and method of vaccine administration, such as in ovo vaccination, can also be optimized to provide earlier immune protection and improve the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs (Li et al., 2023). 7.2 Improving farm management practices Improving farm management practices is another key strategy to enhance vaccine efficacy. This includes maintaining biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of infectious diseases (Romanutti et al., 2020). Modifying the gastrointestinal tract microbiome through dietary interventions can also increase the responsiveness of birds to vaccines, thereby enhancing their effectiveness (Alqazlan et al., 2022). Furthermore, co-administration of immunomodulatory agents, such as chicken IL-2, has been shown to alleviate adverse reactions and improve the immune response to vaccines (Hao et al., 2023). 7.3 Integrating technology in vaccination programs Integrating technology into vaccination programs can significantly improve vaccine efficacy. Targeted delivery of antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) using monoclonal antibodies or ligands can enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines by ensuring that antigens are efficiently presented to the immune system (Shrestha et al., 2018; Shrestha and Iqbal, 2019). Additionally, the use of molecular adjuvants can boost the immune response generated by vaccines, making them more effective against various poultry diseases (Escalante-Sansores et al., 2022). The development of viral vector vaccines that can be administered through mass vaccination methods also represents a technological advancement that can improve the efficiency and coverage of vaccination programs. 8 Future Directions and Recommendations 8.1 Research priorities in poultry vaccine development Future research in poultry vaccine development should focus on creating more cost-effective and logistically feasible vaccines. The development of multivalent vaccines that do not require chickens for production and can protect against multiple pathogens, such as Eimeria species, is highly desirable (Soutter et al., 2020). Additionally,
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==