International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 194-201 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 199 In summary, the future of molecular diagnostics for water buffalo diseases lies in the continued development of innovative technologies, their integration with existing surveillance systems, and addressing the challenges of implementation in resource-limited settings. These efforts will contribute to more effective disease control and improved health outcomes for water buffalo populations. 7 Concluding Remarks The comparative analysis of molecular diagnostics in water buffalo diseases has highlighted several critical insights. Studies have demonstrated the prevalence and genetic characterization of various pathogens, such as Anaplasma marginale and Babesia species, in water buffalo populations across different regions, including Thailand and the Philippines. The development of advanced diagnostic methods, such as recombinase polymerase amplification for Babesia orientalis, has shown increased sensitivity and specificity compared to traditional PCR methods. Additionally, the use of multi-epitope recombinant antigens has improved the sensitivity of serological tests for diseases like schistosomiasis. The identification of miRNA signatures as potential biomarkers for Brucella abortus infection further underscores the potential of molecular diagnostics in non-invasive disease detection. The findings from these studies have significant implications for the management and control of water buffalo diseases. The high prevalence of tick-borne pathogens and the identification of water buffalo as reservoirs for diseases like anaplasmosis and babesiosis suggest a need for targeted surveillance and control measures. The development of rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools, such as the RPA-LF assay for Babesia orientalis, offers promising applications for field diagnostics, enabling timely interventions. Furthermore, the use of miRNA biomarkers for Brucella abortus could revolutionize non-invasive diagnostic practices, facilitating early detection and management of brucellosis. To advance molecular diagnostic practices in water buffalo disease management, several recommendations can be made. First, there is a need to standardize and validate novel diagnostic assays, such as multi-epitope antigens and miRNA biomarkers, across different geographical regions and buffalo breeds to ensure their broad applicability and reliability. Second, integrating molecular diagnostics with traditional surveillance methods could enhance the accuracy and efficiency of disease monitoring and control programs. Lastly, fostering collaborations between researchers, veterinarians, and policymakers will be crucial in translating these diagnostic advancements into practical disease management strategies, ultimately improving the health and productivity of water buffalo populations globally. Acknowledgments We are grateful to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their thorough review of this study and for their suggestions for improvement. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Al-Amery A., and Al-Amery A., 2022, Molecular diagnosis of cryptosporidium ssp. in water buffaloes at Babylon province, Iraq, Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(1): 147-156. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i1.1519 An X., Zhao Y., Cui J., Liu Q., Yu L., Zhan X., Zhang W., He L., and Zhao J., 2021, Recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LF) detection of Babesia orientalis in water buffalo (Bubalus babalis, Linnaeus, 1758), Veterinary Parasitology, 296: 109479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109479 Ayebazibwe C., Mwiine F., Balinda S., Tjørnehøj K., Masembe C., Muwanika V., Okurut A., Siegismund H., and Alexandersen S., 2010, Antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in selected National Parks in Uganda (2001-2003), Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 57(4): 286-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01147.x
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