International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 194-201 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 198 5.2 Diagnostic techniques employed in the case study To address the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods, molecular diagnostics were employed. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used to confirm the presence of the FMD virus in samples collected from affected buffaloes. This technique allowed for the precise identification of the SAT-2 serotype, which was closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII. The molecular approach provided a rapid and accurate diagnosis, which was crucial for implementing timely control measures (Damaty et al., 2021). Additionally, phylogenetic analysis was conducted to understand the genetic relationship of the circulating virus with other known strains, further aiding in the outbreak management (Ayebazibwe et al., 2010). 5.3 Impact of molecular diagnostics on control measures The application of molecular diagnostics had a significant impact on controlling the FMD outbreak. By accurately identifying the SAT-2 serotype, authorities were able to tailor vaccination strategies to include vaccines effective against this specific strain, thereby enhancing the efficacy of the vaccination program. Moreover, the rapid diagnosis facilitated by molecular techniques allowed for quicker implementation of quarantine and movement restrictions, reducing the spread of the virus among buffalo populations. This case study highlights the critical role of molecular diagnostics in managing infectious disease outbreaks in livestock, providing a model for future interventions (Clavijo et al., 2004; Wong et al., 2020; El-Ansary et al., 2023). In summary, the use of molecular diagnostics in this outbreak of FMD in Egyptian water buffaloes demonstrated the advantages of precise and rapid pathogen identification, which is essential for effective disease control and prevention strategies. 6 Future Directions in Molecular Diagnostics for Water Buffalo Diseases 6.1 Emerging technologies in molecular diagnostics Emerging technologies in molecular diagnostics are paving the way for more accurate and rapid detection of diseases in water buffalo. Techniques such as recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LF) have shown promise in detecting Babesia orientalis with high sensitivity and specificity, outperforming conventional PCR methods (An et al., 2021). Additionally, the use of multi-epitope recombinant antigens has been explored to enhance the sensitivity of serological tests for diseases like schistosomiasis, indicating a potential for improved diagnostic accuracy (Lv et al., 2018). The development of SYBR Green-based real-time PCR systems for the detection of Babesia species further exemplifies advancements in molecular quantification, offering a more precise tool for epidemiological studies (Rehman et al., 2020). 6.2 Integrating molecular diagnostics with veterinary surveillance Integrating molecular diagnostics with veterinary surveillance systems can significantly enhance disease monitoring and control efforts. The molecular detection and characterization of tick-borne pathogens in water buffaloes, such as Anaplasma marginale and Babesia species, provide critical data for crafting effective surveillance and prevention programs (Uy et al., 2018; Galon et al., 2019). The use of molecular tools like PCR assays allows for the identification of pathogens at a genetic level, facilitating targeted interventions and improving the overall health management of water buffalo populations (Martucciello et al., 2024). 6.3 Overcoming barriers to widespread implementation in developing regions Despite the advancements in molecular diagnostics, several barriers hinder their widespread implementation in developing regions. Challenges include the high cost of advanced diagnostic equipment, the need for technical expertise, and limited access to necessary resources. Efforts to overcome these barriers could involve the development of cost-effective diagnostic methods, such as the RPA-LF assay, which is simple to operate and suitable for field conditions (An et al., 2021). Additionally, enhancing local capacity through training and infrastructure development is crucial for the successful adoption of these technologies. Collaborative efforts between research institutions and local governments can facilitate the integration of molecular diagnostics into routine veterinary practices, ultimately improving disease management in water buffalo (Obregón et al., 2016).
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