International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 194-201 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 195 evaluating these methods, the research aims to contribute to improved disease management and control in the livestock industry. 2 Overview of Common Diseases in Water Buffaloes Water buffaloes, an essential component of the livestock industry, are susceptible to a variety of diseases that can significantly impact their health and productivity. These diseases can be broadly categorized into infectious and non-infectious types, each with distinct implications for animal health, economic stability, and public health. 2.1 Infectious diseases affecting water buffaloes Infectious diseases are a major concern for water buffaloes, with several pathogens posing significant threats. Anaplasmosis, caused by rickettsial bacteria in the genus Anaplasma, is prevalent in water buffaloes and has been identified in regions such as Thailand and the Philippines. This disease is transmitted by ticks and can lead to severe health issues in infected animals (Galon et al., 2019; Nguyen et al., 2020). Babesiosis, another tick-borne disease caused by Babesia species, is also a significant concern, particularly in China, where it leads to substantial economic losses (An et al., 2021). Brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a zoonotic disease that affects water buffaloes and can be transmitted to humans, highlighting its public health importance (Lecchi et al., 2019; Grandoni et al., 2023). Other notable infectious diseases include bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, and Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium aviumsubspecies paratuberculosis, both of which have been reported in water buffalo populations (Figure 1) (Uy et al., 2018; Cadavid et al., 2024). Figure 1 Macroscopic lesions in tuberculin-positive water buffaloes (Adopted from Cadavid et al., 2024) Image caption: A. Granuloma lesion in retropharyngeal lymph node. B. Granuloma lesion in a mediastinal lymph node. C. Granulomatous lesion in lung tissue. D. Granulomatous lesion in the liver (Adopted from Cadavid et al., 2024) 2.2 Non-infectious diseases and their impact While infectious diseases are more commonly discussed, non-infectious diseases also affect water buffaloes, though they are less frequently documented in the literature. These conditions can include nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, and environmental stressors that impact the overall health and productivity of the animals. The management of these non-infectious diseases is crucial for maintaining the welfare and productivity of water buffalo herds. 2.3 Economic and public health consequences of disease outbreaks Disease outbreaks in water buffaloes have significant economic and public health consequences. Economically, diseases like anaplasmosis and babesiosis lead to reduced productivity, increased veterinary costs, and potential trade restrictions (Nguyen et al., 2020; An et al., 2021). The impact of brucellosis extends beyond economic losses, as it poses a zoonotic risk, potentially affecting human health through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated products (Lecchi et al., 2019). The presence of diseases such as foot and mouth
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