International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 23-31 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 27 Figure 1 The replication cycle of influenza virus (Nuñez and Ross, 2019) Understanding the molecular details of this invasion mechanism, including the specific binding of hemagglutinin protein and glycoprotein, the molecular mechanism of membrane fusion, and the replication process of the viral genome in host cells, will help to find key nodes that can be intervened. This not only provides a theoretical basis for the design of new antiviral drugs, but also provides scientific support for the formulation of future prevention and control strategies. Viral infection triggers a host immune response, and the H5N1 virus evades immune attack through a variety of mechanisms, making the immune response against the virus more complex. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the host immune response is to better understand why the H5N1 virus is able to persist in the host. The host immune response involves the coordinated action of multiple immune cells and molecules, including macrophages, T cells, B cells, and various cytokines. In H5N1 infection, the virus interferes with this complex immune network through multiple mechanisms, such as inhibiting the phagocytosis function of macrophages, interfering with the activity of T cells, and evading antibody recognition. In addition, viruses may also interfere with the regulation of immune responses by affecting host cell signaling pathways. An in-depth understanding of these mechanisms, including how viruses interfere with the activity of immune cells and inhibit the expression of immune factors, provides key information for formulating more precise treatment strategies (Qin et al., 2023). By intervening at key points where the virus interferes with the immune mechanism, researchers may be able to enhance the host's immune system's effective response to the H5N1 virus, thereby improving treatment effectiveness. 3.2 Gene expression and regulation During H5N1 infection, viral gene expression and replication are key steps in the virus life cycle. This involves how viruses exploit the host cell's biological machinery for gene expression, replication, and assembly of new viral particles. Understanding these mechanisms not only helps elucidate the molecular aspects of viral infection but also provides strategic directions for intervening in viral replication. Transcription of viral genes is the primary step in the infection process. During this process, the virus uses the host cell's transcription machinery to synthesize RNA, which becomes the template required for subsequent viral
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