International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 23-31 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 24 this research will focus on the molecular mechanism between the virus and host cells. By in-depth understanding of these molecular mechanisms, this study hopes to provide a more accurate and innovative scientific basis for vaccine development, design of anti-disease drugs, and the formulation of other prevention and control methods. Through in-depth research on the potential impact and molecular mechanisms of H5N1 avian influenza virus on chicken health, this research aims to provide new understanding and solutions for global avian influenza prevention and control efforts to ensure the healthy and sustainable development of the poultry industry. This research not only has important guiding significance for current epidemic prevention and control, but also provides valuable experience for dealing with similar threats in the future. 1 Basic Knowledge of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Avian influenza is an infectious disease caused by different subtypes of influenza viruses, among which the H5N1 subtype has attracted much attention due to its high pathogenicity and wide spread. Understanding the basic knowledge of the H5N1 avian influenza virus plays an important role in effectively preventing and controlling epidemics. 1.1 Virus characteristics and classification H5N1 avian influenza virus, as one of the subtypes of influenza A virus, exhibits a complex and sophisticated basic structure, in which two key surface proteins are wrapped on the outside, namely hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) (Peiris et al., 2007). These two proteins play key roles in the virus's life cycle. The hemagglutinin of H5N1 virus is a key factor in infecting host cells. This protein is responsible for binding to specific receptors on the surface of host cells and initiating the key process for viruses to invade host cells. The H hemagglutinin of H5N1 is unique in its structure and forms a specific signature with different subtypes of other avian influenza viruses, which affects the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus. Neuraminidase is a key enzyme for viruses to be released from host cells. It facilitates the release of viruses from the surface of infected cells, thus maintaining the life cycle of infection. The structure of the N-neuraminidase of H5N1 also plays a certain role in the immune evasion mechanism of the virus, affecting the spread and adaptability of the virus. In addition to H5N1, avian influenza viruses also include multiple other subtypes, among which subtypes such as H7N9 and H9N2 have attracted widespread attention. Each subtype exhibits unique biological properties and clinical manifestations, reflecting the diversity of avian influenza viruses. The H7N9 avian influenza virus causes severe influenza symptoms in humans, and its transmission path among poultry and wild birds has attracted great attention from researchers. The impact of this subtype in humans has made it the focus of clinical and epidemiological research. H9N2 is another avian influenza virus subtype that has caused economic damage to poultry and is considered a potential candidate for a new influenza virus. In-depth research on H9N2 will help understand its transmission dynamics and host adaptability, and provide scientific basis for prevention and control. In-depth study of the differences between different subtypes will help researchers better understand the evolution and transmission mechanisms of avian influenza viruses, and provide strong support for vaccine development and the formulation of prevention and control measures. This not only helps protect the poultry farming industry, but also has a profound impact on human public health. 1.2 Transmission routes and epidemiology The transmission mechanism of H5N1 avian influenza virus involves multiple key steps, among which droplet transmission is one of the main ways. The feces and tears of infected birds are rich in virus particles, which are released into the air in the birds' living environment. Virus particles have strong survivability and can be suspended and spread in the air, forming a potential airborne transmission route. This characteristic makes it possible for viruses to spread within poultry flocks and between poultry houses, placing extremely high requirements on the hygienic management of poultry farms and markets.
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