International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 9-16 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 10 This study aims to review the application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in improving lipid synthesis genes in cows, analyzing its potential benefits and challenges, and exploring its prospects in the field of dairy production. The study will delve into the genes related to lipid synthesis in cows, the principles of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and how this technology can be applied to cow gene editing. It will also focus on successful cases in this field and potential future trends, contributing to the sustainable development and innovation in the agricultural sector. To provide comprehensive information on this cutting-edge technology to the academic and industrial communities through in-depth research and review, in order to promote further research and application in the field of cow gene editing. 1 Importance of Dairy Cow Milk Fat Synthesis Genes 1.1 Functions of milk fat synthesis-related genes The genes related to milk fat synthesis play a crucial role in the production and quality of dairy products. These genes encode various fatty acid synthesis enzymes and related proteins, controlling the types and amounts of fats in milk. Among them, three main genes are ACACA, FASN, and SCD, playing key roles in dairy cow milk fat synthesis (Kęsek-Woźniak et al., 2023). The gene ACACA encodes Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a critical enzyme in the fatty acid synthesis process. This process typically begins with tyrosine in milk, undergoes multiple biochemical reactions, and eventually synthesizes fatty acids. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the first key enzyme in this synthesis pathway, participating in the conversion of tyrosine in milk into lactic acid, further transforming into lactic acid ethyl ester, ultimately forming fatty acids. Improving the function of the ACACA gene can enhance the efficiency of this synthesis pathway, thereby increasing dairy product yield. The FASNgene encodes Fatty Acid Synthase, a key player in fatty acid synthesis. Enhancing FASNfunction can increase the rate of fatty acid production, crucial for improving the efficiency of milk fat synthesis. The efficiency of milk fat synthesis is closely related to the quality and quantity of dairy products. By increasing the efficiency of milk fat synthesis, cows can produce more high-quality fats, thus improving the flavor and texture of dairy products. The SCD gene encodes Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase, involved in converting saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids play a vital role in dairy products as they contribute to human health by reducing cholesterol levels and lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Regulating the SCD gene can enhance the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, improving the nutritional value of dairy products. The functions of dairy cow milk fat synthesis-related genes are crucial for the production and quality of dairy products. By improving the functions of these genes, it is possible to increase the yield and quality of milk fat, meeting the growing market demand and providing consumers with healthier and tastier dairy products. However, achieving these goals requires continued research and technological improvements to fully unlock the potential of dairy cow milk fat synthesis genes. 1.2 Relationship between dairy product quality and quantity The quality and quantity of dairy products are closely related, and the functions of dairy cow milk fat synthesis genes have a direct and profound impact on both aspects. Improving milk fat synthesis genes can significantly increase the production of dairy products. Fat is one of the essential components of dairy products, and its content determines the yield of dairy products. The biosynthesis process of fatty acids is the core of milk fat synthesis, and dairy cow milk fat synthesis genes encode enzymes and proteins related to fatty acid synthesis. By improving the functions of these key genes, the synthesis rate of fatty acids can be increased, allowing cows to produce more milk fat. This not only increases the overall production of dairy products but also helps meet the growing market demand for dairy products, thereby enhancing the economic benefits of agriculture. Improvements in milk fat synthesis genes also have a crucial impact on the quality of dairy products. The fatty acid composition in milk fat is one of the key factors determining the quality of dairy products. Different types
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