Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 91-101 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 92 analysis (GWAS) and genomic selection to explore key genetic markers for growth, reproduction, and adaptability, the overall progress is still in the exploratory stage (Sodsuk, 2012; Liu et al., 2024). The purpose of this study is to start with the genetic diversity of the population and combine the latest genomic tools to screen candidate genes that can guide snakehead breeding. We hope that these results can truly lay the foundation for the selection and breeding of snakehead species, and also provide support for improving the overall efficiency of aquaculture and ensuring protein supply. 2 Overview of ChannaDomestication 2.1 History and current status of Channa domestication Channa species, especially Channa striata, have traditionally relied mainly on wild resources for aquaculture and ornamental purposes, but this dependence has also raised concerns about overexploitation of natural habitats and population decline. Wakiah et al. (2020) analyzed 1 594 individuals from Lake Tempe, Indonesia, and found that its exploitation rate was 0.55, which was close to or even exceeded the maximum sustainable exploitation limit (usually E=0.5 is the overfishing warning line), reflecting the obvious resource development pressure in the region. Domestication efforts in recent years have increasingly focused on providing fry through artificial breeding to reduce dependence on wild populations and ensure a sustainable supply of fry for aquaculture. Artificially bred Channa differ from wild populations in growth rate and survival rate. Although artificial strains generally perform better in aquaculture environments, the genetic mechanisms behind these differences are still under study (Ndobe et al., 2018; Kumar et al., 2022). Domestication of Channa is particularly active in Southeast Asia, including countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia. In Indonesia, domestication of local Channa species has been successful, but further optimization of their growth and survival in aquaculture systems remains a challenge (Saputra and Mahendra, 2019; Saputra et al., 2022). In Vietnam, advances in seedling propagation technology and selective breeding have promoted more sustainable aquaculture practices and have supported the development of a local industry in neighboring Cambodia through technology transfer after policy adjustments (Hien et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2022). 2.2 Key traits targeted during domestication Improving growth rate, body size and feed utilization are the main goals of domestication of Channa. Studies have shown that growth performance varies greatly between different feed types and genetic strains, and artificial strains are generally better than wild strains in controlled environments. In a comparative experiment conducted in Cambodia, domesticated C. striata and wild species were fed pelleted feed (40% protein), and domesticated fish showed better results: final weight: 367 g (domesticated) vs. 233 g (wild); survival rate: 75% (domesticated) vs. 69% (wild); FCR (feed conversion ratio): 1.5 (domesticated) vs. 1.7 (wild); income: $0.35/kg (domesticated) vs. $0.25/kg (wild). Optimizing feed conversion rate and growth rate, including the application of probiotics and compound feed, is a research hotspot for improving breeding efficiency (Nen et al., 2018; Saputra and Ibrahim, 2021; Saputra et al., 2022). Dewi et al. (2023) found that after treating feed with EM4 probiotics (10 mL/kg), the FCR of Channa striata was 1.56, the growth rate was 1.85 g/30 days, and the survival rate was as high as 97.78%. Reproductive performance and stress resistance are also key breeding indicators. Improving gonadal maturity and induction success rate through hormone induction (such as FSH, LHRHa, Buserelin) has become an important means to promote artificial reproduction. At present, a series of technical solutions have been developed to improve the spawning rate, embryo survival rate and hatching rate of Channa, so as to achieve the controllability of seed production and adapt to high-density breeding systems (Azrita et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2022). For example, Awal et al. (2024) used Channa striata in Bangladesh as the object to explore the effect of inducing artificial reproduction using natural carp pituitary extract (CPE) and synthetic hormone Buserelin (Buserelin) (Figure 1) (Awal et al., 2024). The results showed that both hormones can promote spawning, fertilization and hatching, among which high-dose treatment (CPE: 80 mg/kg, Buserelin: 0.80 μg/kg) has the best effect.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==