Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 72-81 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 77 explored for transducing goat mucosal tissue, and represents a potential pathway for immunity to reproductive tract pathogens. In addition, intramuscular versus subcutaneous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in goats showed that the two vaccination forms have the capability to generate immune responses but the subcutaneous injection could trigger immune responses sooner. 5.4 Optimization of immunization programs and evaluation of herd immunity The optimization of the immunization program involves assessment of the time and vaccine combination to achieve high levels of herd immunity. It has been proven through studies that combined vaccination using multiple vaccines (e.g., PPR, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, and pasteurellosis vaccines) is possible without reaction, though additional research must be conducted to attain complete protection. Additionally, early vaccination, for example, vaccination shortly following colostrum antibody titers decline, can enhance immune responses and reduce pathogen shedding (Tian et al., 2022). 6 Applications of Emerging Technologies in Goat Disease Control 6.1 Application of molecular biology techniques in pathogen detection The molecular biology techniques have immensely improved the detection of pathogens in goats, thereby strengthening disease control interventions. For example, Zerna et al. (2021) used recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) as a vaccine vector to demonstrate the use of molecular technology in the production of a heat-stable vaccine that can be used to discriminate between infected and vaccinated animals, which is of utmost significance in the control of diseases such as peste des petits ruminants (PPR). In addition, reverse transcription real-time fluorescence PCR technology has also been utilized to examine goat virus shedding, such as examination of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine efficacy. 6.2 Multi-omics approaches supporting vaccine and immunity research Multi-omics approaches integrating genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are informative tools to improve vaccine research and immune science. These approaches are useful for target antigen and immune response pathway identification. For example, in the study of paratuberculosis, scientists identified differentially reactive proteins in goats that had been vaccinated, and this provided meaningful information about immune regulation and effectiveness of the vaccine (Santos et al., 2019). These kinds of detailed studies are important in the development of highly effective vaccines and immune defense against diseases in goats (Lazarus et al., 2020). 6.3 Potential of crispr and rna interference in disease resistance breeding and immune regulation CRISPR and RNA interference (RNAi) technologies hold great promise for breeding disease resistance and immune regulation in goats. Though goat research is not widespread, these technologies can potentially target and edit genes related to disease susceptibility and immunity and thus offer a new window to increase disease resistance and achieve disease control in goat populations. Their application is expected to transform traditional breeding programs and improve the health and production efficiency of the goats (Saputra et al., 2024). 6.4 Development of information technology and smart monitoring systems Integration of information technology and intelligent monitoring systems into goat farming is gradually changing the traditional disease control strategies. Expert systems based on forward reasoning method have been designed to aid farmers in goat disease diagnosis, making it a simple early detection and control system. Such systems emulate expert decision-making based on computer knowledge, and they represent viable alternatives for farmers who lack veterinary facilities. Application of appropriate technologies can significantly improve the efficiency of disease control and thus increase the productivity of goat farming (Murr et al., 2020). 7 Frontier Issues and Key Research Areas in Immune Control of Goat Diseases 7.1 Technical bottlenecks and industrialization barriers in vaccine development There are a number of industrialization obstacles and technical challenges for vaccine development against goat diseases. Low immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines is one of the key problems. For example, for paratuberculosis, inactivated vaccines cannot effectively prevent infection transmission between goats.
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