Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 72-81 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 74 shown that if Pasteurella and viruses co-infect each other, goats’ mortality is 2~3 times higher than when they infect individually. These figures show that the harm caused by bacterial infection to goat health cannot be underestimated. During breeding, we should be specially cautious about the potential synergistic pathogenicity between bacteria and viruses and exert ourselves in prevention and control of bacterial infectious diseases in goats by enhancing monitoring of diseases, improving the breeding environment and other means. 2.3 Parasitic diseases Parasitic infections among goat flocks are common and significantly affect their production performance and health. The gastrointestinal parasites such as nematodes, coccidia and tapeworms are common in both conventional and organic farming systems, and infection levels are similar under different feeding systems. Haemonchosis due to Haemonchus contortus is a serious parasitic disease because of its high pathogenicity and increasing resistance to commonly used anthelmintics. Haemonchus contortus parasitizes in the goat's abomasum and is very pathogenic. Goats infected with this disease will show severe anemia symptoms quickly because of the blood sucking by the worms. Clinically, the mucous membranes of infected goats are pale, like white paper, and eyelid swelling is especially obvious, showing a typical "eye bags" appearance. The movements also become slow and the spirits are depressed. Due to physical weakness, sick goats eat less and ruminate less, and growth and development cease. Young goat growth retardation after infection is more pronounced, and the weight is significantly lower than in healthy goats, directly affecting subsequent market quality and economic worth. If ewes are infected with haemonchus and pregnant, the health of their own as well as that of the developing fetus will be affected, resulting in a poorly developed fetus and enhanced abortion rate, further reducing breeding effect (Figure 1). Echinococcosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease having an infection rate globally among goats of 10.85% and greater in regions with high altitude and cold climates (Mataca et al., 2022). Figure 1 The Haemonchus worms were found on the mucosa of parasitic-infected goat gastric organs (Adopted from Arsenopoulos et al., 2021) 2.4 Emerging and re-emerging infectious disease trends Goat re-emerging and emerging infectious diseases remain challenging to manage and control. For example, discovery of a novel picornavirus inducing respiratory disease in goats suggests potential for cross-species transmission and highlights the importance of surveillance (Challaton et al., 2023). In addition, infection rates as high as 77% in some regions of Argentina validate that environmental factors and seasonality play a significant role in disease dynamics (Rahman et al., 2022). Such patterns validate the fact that continued research and control practices need to be put in place on a global scale in order to mitigate the impact of infectious diseases on goats. 3 Research Progress in Disease Prevention and Control Strategies 3.1 Disease surveillance and early diagnostic technologies Re-emerging and emerging infectious diseases of goats continue to be a challenge for disease control and management. For example, the discovery of a new picornavirus associated with respiratory disease in goats presents a possible cross-species transmission and highlights the need for surveillance (Challaton et al., 2023). In
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