Animal Molecular Breeding, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 72-81 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 73 immune reactions of goats to diseases. Progress in immunogenetics, molecular diagnostics and vaccine technology has rendered prevention and control of diseases more specific and effective. This research identifies immune markers for disease diagnosis at early stages, improves vaccine efficacy, examines host-pathogen interaction processes, and conducts disease-resistant breeding schemes. This research integrates findings on goat disease control and immunology, evaluates new tools and technologies, and recommends future directions of research on integrated herd health management. 2 Overview of Major Infectious Diseases in Goats Goats are susceptible to various infectious diseases, which can have a bearing on their health and productivity. They can be categorized as viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, which are all susceptible to various challenges in their control and management. 2.1 Viral diseases Viral diseases are among the most important challenges in goat farming because they have the potential to cause huge outbreaks and tremendous economic loss. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most widespread viral diseases with a seroprevalence of 30% to 55% in African countries that has the potential to cause huge outbreaks. Caprine articular encephalitis virus (CAEV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) are also prominent viral pathogens of goats with 24% and 35% infection rates, respectively, in parts of Brazil. A novel picornavirus associated with bovine rhinitis B virus has also been determined as a potential etiologic agent of respiratory illness in goats (Yan et al., 2022). 2.2 Bacterial diseases Bacterial diseases are another major problem in goat health. Mannheimia haemolytica is another common bacterial pathogen responsible for severe respiratory disease, particularly if the animal's immune system is compromised by viral disease. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) caused by Mycoplasma species is another severe bacterial disease with high morbidity and mortality rates of up to 100% and 80%-100% respectively in some regions. Pasteurella organisms also contribute to aggravating respiratory illness in goats, typically in association with viral infection (Amin, 2016). Take the example of Mannheimia haemolytica. If goats are infected with viruses and their immune mechanism is weakened, Mannheimia haemolytica will not show any hesitation. In intensive sheep flocks, if there is a flu-like virus infection, Mannheimia haemolytica respiratory disease will spread rapidly in a uncontrolled manner. The flock will begin to cough, will be short of breath, and will be depressed in mind. The sick goats will lose their appetite, their growth rate will be severely diminished, and in severe cases, they will even die. According to relevant statistics, during the peak period of some viral diseases, the mortality rate due to secondary infection with Mannheimia haemolytica can reach up to 30%. CCPP is also highly damaging. It is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma pathogens. In the areas of hilly or relatively closed breeding circles with unsanitary conditions, incidence and mortality due to disease are highly prevalent. In a mountain goat farm, due to poor ventilation conditions, excessive flock densities, and lack of effective mechanisms for disease surveillance, the incidence rate quickly rose to 100% and the death rate exceeded 80% during the outbreak of caprine contagious pleuropneumonia. The infected goats had abnormally elevated body temperatures, difficult respiration, and severe pleural and pulmonary inflammatory lesions, inducing disastrous economic shocks to the farmers. Pasteurella bacteria also have a tendency to co-infect with viruses, which further aggravate goat respiratory conditions. On a farm in an open plain, after the goats got infected with the foot-and-mouth disease virus, Pasteurella took advantage of the situation to infect. Double infection made the condition of goats even worse. In addition to the exacerbation of respiratory symptoms, critical conditions such as sepsis also arose. Not only did the difficulty of the treatment increase significantly, but the rate of cure also decreased significantly. Studies have
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