Animal Molecular Breeding, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 370-379 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 377 significantly influences the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro embryo production, with higher cleavage and blastocyst yields observed during the peak breeding season. Furthermore, targeted nutritional supplementation, such as using dairy cow feed leftovers, has been shown to enhance out-of-season reproductive performance in goats managed under extensive systems. Hormonal treatments, including the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and kisspeptin analogs, have also been effective in improving luteal function, ovulation rates, and embryo implantation during the anestrous period. Lastly, reproductive management techniques, such as estrus synchronization and artificial insemination, have been crucial in facilitating year-round production and genetic improvement in dairy goats. For farmers, it is recommended to adopt photoperiodic treatments combined with the 'male effect' to induce and synchronize estrous behavior in goats during the non-breeding season. This approach can help stabilize production and income throughout the year. Additionally, incorporating targeted nutritional supplementation, such as dairy cow feed leftovers, can significantly enhance reproductive outcomes during the anestrous period. Farmers should also consider using hormonal treatments, such as hCG or kisspeptin analogs, to improve ovulation rates and embryo implantation efficiency during out-of-season breeding. For researchers, further studies are needed to optimize the use of photoperiodic treatments and the 'male effect' in different environmental and management conditions. Investigating the long-term effects of targeted nutritional supplementation on reproductive performance and overall health of goats is also crucial. Additionally, exploring alternative hormonal treatments and refining existing protocols for estrus synchronization and artificial insemination can contribute to more sustainable and efficient breeding strategies. Research on genetic improvement through selective breeding and crossbreeding should continue to enhance reproductive efficiency and adaptability to various climatic conditions. Improving goat reproduction through effective seasonal breeding strategies is essential for stabilizing production and enhancing the economic viability of goat farming. By leveraging environmental cues, such as photoperiod, and integrating innovative nutritional and hormonal treatments, farmers can achieve higher reproductive efficiency and year-round production. Continued research and collaboration between farmers and scientists are vital to developing and refining these strategies, ensuring they are sustainable and adaptable to diverse farming systems and climatic conditions. Ultimately, these efforts will contribute to the growth and resilience of the goat farming industry, benefiting both producers and consumers. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Miss Xuan for critically reading the manuscript and providing valuable feedback that improved the clarity of the text. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abecia J., Forcada F., and González-Bulnes A., 2011, Pharmaceutical control of reproduction in sheep and goats, the veterinary clinics of north America, Food Animal Practice, 27(1): 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.001 Bustamante-Andrade J., Meza-Herrera C., Rodríguez-Martínez R., Santos-Jimenez Z., Angel-García O., Gaytán-Alemán L., Gutierrez-Guzman U., Esquivel-Romo A., and Véliz-Deras F., 2021, Luteogenesis and embryo implantation are enhanced by exogenous hCG in goats subjected to an out-of-season fixed-time artificial insemination protocol, Biology, 10(5): 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10050429 Chasles M., Chesneau D., Moussu C., Abecia J., Delgadillo J., Chemineau P., and Keller M., 2019, Highly precocious activation of reproductive function in autumn-born goats (Capra hircus) by exposure to sexually active bucks, Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 68: 100-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DOMANIEND.2019.01.004 Dardente H., Lomet D., Robert V., Decourt C., Beltramo M., and Pellicer-Rubio M., 2016, Seasonal breeding in mammals: from basic science to applications and back, Theriogenology, 86(1): 324-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.045
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