Animal Molecular Breeding, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 362-369 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 368 enhance productivity and maintain breed integrity. The use of advanced genotyping tools, such as the 90K SNP chip, can support the development of genome-assisted selection programs, thereby improving breeding efficiency and genetic gain. These insights are crucial for formulating strategies that ensure the sustainable management and utilization of buffalo genetic resources. Future research should focus on expanding the genomic characterization of buffalo populations across different regions to build a comprehensive genetic database. This can be achieved by integrating various molecular markers, such as microsatellites and SNPs, to provide a holistic view of genetic diversity and population structure. Additionally, there is a need to explore the functional genomics of buffalo to understand the genetic basis of economically important traits, which can inform breeding decisions. Collaborative efforts between countries with significant buffalo populations can facilitate the sharing of genetic resources and knowledge, ultimately leading to improved conservation and breeding outcomes. Furthermore, the development of more precise and cost-effective genotyping technologies will enhance the ability to monitor genetic diversity and implement effective conservation strategies. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. Chen for critically reading the manuscript and providing valuable feedback that improved the clarity of the text. We express our heartfelt gratitude to the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Anas M., Farooq M., Asif M., Ali W., and Mansoor S., 2023, A novel insight into the identification of potential snp markers for the genomic characterization of buffalo breeds in Pakistan, Animals, 13(15): 2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152543 Aytekin I., Ozdil F., Zulkadir U., Boztepe S., and Sariyel V., 2011, Evaluation of ISSR markers for genetic diversity analysis in anatolian water buffaloes, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(11): 1957-1962. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4397 Debaky H., Kutchy N., Ul-Husna A., Indriastuti R., Akhter S., Purwantara B., and Memili E., 2019, Review: potential of water buffalo in world agriculture: challenges and opportunities, Applied Animal Science, 35(2): 255-268. https://doi.org/10.15232/AAS.2018-01810 Deng T.X., Duan A., Lu X., and Abdel-Shafy H., 2024, Genome-wide CNV analysis reveals candidate genes associated with milk production traits in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Journal of Dairy Science, 107(9): 7022-7037. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24614 Du C., Deng T., Zhou Y., Ye T., Zhou Z., Zhang S., Shao B., Wei P., Sun H., Khan F., Yang L., and Hua G., 2019, Systematic analyses for candidate genes of milk production traits in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Animal Genetics, 50(3): 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12739 Gahlyan R., Vohra V., Chhotaray S., and Kataria R., 2024, Diversity assessment of a lesser known buffalo population from central India and its comparative evaluation reveals presence of sufficient genetic variation and absence of selection, Animal Biotechnology, 35(1): 2305550. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2024.2305550 Gargani M., Pariset L., Soysal M., Ozkan E., and Valentini A., 2010, Genetic variation and relationships among Turkish water buffalo populations, Animal Genetics, 41(1): 93-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01954.x Hussain T., Babar E., Ali A., Nadeem A., Rehman Z., Musthafa M., and Marikar F., 2017, Microsatellite based genetic variation among the buffalo breed populations in Pakistan, Journal of Veterinary Research, 61: 535-542. https://doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2017-0057 Iamartino D., Nicolazzi E., Van Tassell C., Reecy J., Fritz-Waters E., Koltes J., Biffani S., Sonstegard T., Schroeder S., Ajmone-Marsan P., Negrini R., Pasquariello R., Ramelli P., Coletta A., Garcia J., Ali A., Ramunno L., Cosenza G., De Oliveira D., Drummond M., Bastianetto E., Davassi A., Pirani A., Brew F., and Williams J., 2017, Design and validation of a 90K SNP genotyping assay for the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), PLoS One, 12(10): e0185220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185220 Kenchaiwong W., Pongthaisong P., Kananit S., Duangjinda M., and Boonkum W., 2023, An analysis of DNA sequence polymorphism in the swamp buffalo toll-like receptor (TLR2) gene, Animals, 13(12): 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13122012
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