Animal Molecular Breeding, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 354-361 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 360 infection, suggesting that other genetic or environmental factors may contribute to the observed fitness differences. The findings underscore the importance of genetic diversity in the immune response of canids. The higher polymorphism rates in TLR genes among African wild dogs may confer a broader range of immune responses, potentially enhancing their resilience to diseases like CDV. This genetic variability is crucial for conservation efforts, as it highlights the need to maintain genetic diversity within populations to ensure robust immune defenses. The study on gray wolves further emphasizes the complexity of genetic influences on immunity, suggesting that conservation strategies should consider both genetic and environmental factors to fully understand and support the health of wild canid populations. Future research should aim to expand the scope of TLRgene studies across different canid species and populations to better understand the evolutionary pressures shaping immune responses. Investigating the functional consequences of specific TLR polymorphisms, such as the Met527Thr change in TLR2, could provide deeper insights into the mechanisms of pathogen resistance. Additionally, exploring the interaction between genetic variations and environmental factors will be crucial in elucidating the complex dynamics of canid immunity. The use of advanced genomic and transcriptomic techniques, as demonstrated in the study of gray wolves, should be further developed to uncover the pleiotropic effects of genetic variations on fitness and disease susceptibility. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank Miss Xuan for providing valuable comments and suggestions during the writing of this paper, which were instrumental in improving its quality. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Dolasia K., Bisht M., Pradhan G., Udgata A., and Mukhopadhyay S., 2018, TLRs/NLRs: Shaping the landscape of host immunity, International Reviews of Immunology, 37: 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2017.1397656 Fitzgerald K., and Kagan J., 2020, Toll-like receptors and the control of immunity, Cell, 180(6): 1044-1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.041 Guo S., Gao W., Zeng M., Liu F., Yang Q., Chen L., Wang Z., Jin Y., Xiang P., Chen H., Wen Z., Shi Q., and Song Z., 2023, Characterization of TLR1 and expression profiling of TLR signaling pathway related genes in response to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge in hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀×P. vachelli ♂), Frontiers in Immunology, 14: 1163781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163781 Heni A., Schmid J., Rasche A., Corman V., Drosten C., and Sommer S., 2020, Pathogen-associated selection on innate immunity genes (TLR4, TLR7) in a neotropical rodent in landscapes differing in anthropogenic disturbance, Heredity, 125: 184-199. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-0331-y Johnston R., Rheinwald J., Vonholdt B., Stahler D., Lowry W., Tung J., and Wayne R., 2021, K locus effects in gray wolves: experimental assessment of tlr3 signaling and the gene expression response to canine distemper virus, The Journal of Heredity, 112(5): 458-468. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esab029 Liu H., and Huang S.Q., 2024, The role of immune function in longevity and adaptation in vertebrates, International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 14(4): 197-210. https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmz.2024.14.0018 Liu Y., Wang L., Xu T., Guo X., Li Y., Yin T., Yang H., Hu Y., Adeola A., Sanke O., Otecko N., Wang M.Y., Charles O., Sinding M., Gopalakrishnan S., Samaniego J., Hansen A., Fernandes C., Gaubert P., Budd J., Dawuda P., Rueness E., Jiang L., Zhai W., Gilbert T., Peng M., Qi X., Wang G., and Zhang Y., 2018, Whole‐genome sequencing of african dogs provides insights into adaptations against tropical parasites, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35: 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx258 Loots A., Cardoso-Vermaak E., Venter E., Mitchell E., Kotzé A., and Dalton D., 2018, The role of toll-like receptor polymorphisms in susceptibility to canine distemper virus, Mammalian Biology, 88: 94-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MAMBIO.2017.11.014
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