Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 318-325 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 323 remains complex (Jawasreh et al., 2019). Moreover, the genetic improvement of traits like breast muscle weight and intramuscular fat content requires integrating multiple genes and pathways, which is a daunting task given the polygenic nature of these traits (Kang et al., 2021). The effectiveness of breeding programs also depends on the accurate phenotyping of traits, which can be labor-intensive and time-consuming. 7.3 Ethical and regulatory considerations Ethical and regulatory considerations play a crucial role in the application of gene expression analysis in broiler breeding. The use of genetic information to enhance muscle growth and feed efficiency must be balanced with animal welfare concerns. For instance, the rapid growth rates achieved through selective breeding can lead to health issues such as skeletal deformities and cardiovascular problems (Khatri et al., 2018). Regulatory frameworks must ensure that genetic modifications do not compromise the well-being of the animals. Additionally, there are concerns about the long-term impacts of genetic selection on biodiversity and the potential for unintended consequences in the gene pool (Al-Zghoul and El-Bahr, 2019). Ethical considerations also extend to the transparency and fairness in the use of genetic data, ensuring that advancements benefit all stakeholders in the poultry industry. By addressing these challenges and limitations, researchers can better harness the potential of gene expression analysis to improve muscle development in broilers while maintaining ethical standards and regulatory compliance. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Professor Wang for his invaluable guidance, insightful suggestions, and continuous support throughout the development of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure Authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ahmad S.S., Ahmad, K., Lee E.J., Lee Y.H., and Choi I., 2020, Implications of insulin-like growth factor-1 in skeletal muscle and various diseases, Cells, 9(8): 1773. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081773 PMid:32722232 PMCid:PMC7465464 Al-Zghoul M., and El-Bahr S., 2019, Thermal manipulation of the broilers embryos: expression of muscle markers genes and weights of body and internal organs during embryonic and post-hatch days, BMC Veterinary Research, 15: 166. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1917-6 PMid:31122240 PMCid:PMC6533759 Bottje W., Kong B., Song J., Lee J., Hargis B., Lassiter K., Wing T., and Hardiman J., 2012, Gene expression in breast muscle associated with feed efficiency in a single male broiler line using a chicken 44K microarray. II. Differentially expressed focus genes, Poultry science, 91(10): 2576-2587. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02204 PMid:22991544 Bottje W., Kong B., Song J., Lee J., Hargis B., Lassiter K., Wing T., and Hardiman J., 2011, Gene expression in breast muscle associated with feed efficiency in a single male broiler line using a chicken 44K oligo microarray. I. Top differentially expressed genes, Poultry science, 90(11): 2535-2547. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01435 PMid:22010239 Buzała M., and Janicki B., 2016, Review: effects of different growth rates in broiler breeder and layer hens on some productive traits, Poultry science, 95(9): 2151-2159. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew173 PMid:27194733 Davis R., Lamont S., Rothschild M., Persia M., Ashwell C., and Schmidt C., 2015, Transcriptome analysis of post-hatch breast muscle in legacy and modern broiler chickens reveals enrichment of several regulators of myogenic growth, PLoS ONE, 10(3): e0122525. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122525 PMid:25821972 PMCid:PMC4379050 Duan C., Ren H., and Gao S., 2010, Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors, and IGF-binding proteins: roles in skeletal muscle growth and differentiation, General and comparative endocrinology, 167(3): 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.04.009 PMid:20403355
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