Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 187-195 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 193 precise perception of animal health and behavior, although their adaptation for farm animals is still in its nascent stages (Vranken and Berckmans, 2017). Additionally, the use of cameras, microphones, and various sensors (e.g., accelerometers, RFID) in pig farming has shown potential for fully automated continuous monitoring, which can enhance animal welfare and feed efficiency (Tzanidakis et al., 2021). 6.2 Potential for integration with other agricultural technologies The integration of PLF with other agricultural technologies holds significant promise for enhancing farm productivity and sustainability. For instance, PLF technologies can be combined with environmental control systems, disease early warning systems, and remote diagnostic tools to create a more holistic approach to livestock management. In dairy sheep farming, technologies such as electronic identification systems, on-animal sensors, and stationary management systems can be integrated to improve productivity and economic sustainability, particularly in extensive farming systems. Moreover, the combination of PLF with advanced data analytics and machine learning can help in converting vast amounts of data into actionable insights, thereby improving decision-making processes on farms (Banhazi et al., 2012). 6.3 Long-term outlook for PLF The long-term outlook for PLF is highly optimistic, with the potential to revolutionize livestock farming by improving animal welfare, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing the economic stability of rural areas. However, the successful commercialization and widespread adoption of PLF technologies remain challenges that need to be addressed. Efforts should focus on establishing a new service industry, verifying and publicizing the benefits of PLF, and encouraging collaboration between industry and academic organizations. Additionally, future research should aim to quantify the environmental, economic, and social sustainability benefits of PLF to provide a comprehensive understanding of its impact. As PLF technologies continue to evolve, their integration into smart farming systems will be crucial for meeting the growing global demand for sustainably sourced animal-derived food (Lovarelli et al., 2020). By addressing these future directions and innovations, PLF can play a pivotal role in transforming livestock farming into a more efficient, sustainable, and welfare-oriented industry. 7 Concluding Remarks Precision livestock farming (PLF) has emerged as a transformative approach in modern agriculture, integrating advanced technologies to enhance the management and welfare of livestock. This systematic review has highlighted several key advancements and applications of PLF across various animal production systems. The integration of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly propelled the development of PLF, enabling real-time monitoring and management of individual animals, which is crucial for improving productivity, health, and welfare. The adoption of PLF technologies, such as electronic identification systems, on-animal sensors, and automated management systems, has shown promising results in both intensive and extensive farming systems, including dairy cattle, sheep, and pigs. The implications of these advancements for the future of livestock farming are profound. PLF technologies offer the potential to optimize resource use, reduce environmental impact, and enhance the economic sustainability of farms. By providing detailed and continuous data on animal health and behavior, these technologies can help farmers make informed decisions, ultimately leading to better animal welfare and more efficient production systems. Moreover, the ability to monitor individual animals closely can bridge the gap between farmers and their livestock, fostering a more sustainable and humane approach to animal husbandry. However, several challenges remain that need to be addressed to fully realize the benefits of PLF. Future research should focus on developing more cost-effective and user-friendly technologies to facilitate wider adoption, especially among small and medium-scale farmers who may face financial and technological barriers. Additionally, there is a need for comprehensive studies to quantify the environmental, economic, and social impacts of PLF to validate its benefits and guide policy-making. Collaboration among researchers, technology developers, and farmers is essential to ensure that PLF systems are practical, reliable, and tailored to the specific needs of different farming systems. In conclusion, while PLF holds great promise for revolutionizing livestock farming, its successful implementation will depend on continued innovation, supportive policies, and effective
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