Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 187-195 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 192 5.2 Economic and adoption barriers The economic barriers to adopting PLF technologies are significant, particularly for small and medium-scale farms. The initial investment required for purchasing and installing PLF systems can be prohibitively high, and the financial risk associated with adopting new technologies can deter farmers, especially those with limited resources (Menendez et al., 2022). Moreover, the economic benefits of PLF, such as reduced operational costs and improved productivity, may not be immediately apparent, making it difficult for farmers to justify the investment. The conservative nature of many farming communities, characterized by an older demographic, further complicates the adoption process, as these farmers may be less inclined to take financial risks or change established practices (Morrone et al., 2022). Additionally, the lack of collaboration among different disciplines, such as animal scientists, veterinarians, and technologists, can impede the development and dissemination of PLF technologies. 5.3 Ethical considerations The implementation of PLF technologies raises several ethical concerns that need to be addressed. One major issue is the potential impact on the human-animal relationship. The use of automated systems to monitor and manage livestock could lead to a reduction in direct human-animal interactions, which may affect the welfare of the animals and the traditional role of farmers as caretakers. There are also concerns about the potential for PLF technologies to facilitate the management of production systems that may be harmful to animal welfare, such as those that prioritize productivity over the well-being of the animals. Furthermore, the consolidation of farms and the alienation of laborers due to increased automation could have broader social implications, including the loss of identity and relationships for both farmers and animals. Addressing these ethical considerations is crucial to ensure that PLF technologies are implemented in a way that promotes the welfare of animals and the sustainability of farming communities (Schillings et al., 2021). Figure 3 Locations of QTLs for 13 quality traits based on RILs derived from TN18×LM6 (Adopted from Guo et al., 2020) Image capton: The figure shows the positions of QTLs (quantitative trait loci) detected for 13 wheat quality traits in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between 'Tainong 18' and 'Linmai 6'. The LOD (logarithm of odds) values for the QTL intervals are all greater than 3.0, as determined by a threshold set through 1000 permutation tests. The blue sections in the figure represent QTLs related to quality traits. This figure indicates that QTLs are widely distributed across 21 chromosomes, explaining 5.32% to 35.09% of the phenotypic variation (Adapted from Guo et al., 2020) 6 Future Directions and Innovations 6.1 Emerging technologies in PLF The future of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) is closely tied to the development and integration of emerging technologies. The advent of Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly propelled the advancement of PLF, enabling real-time monitoring and management of livestock through sophisticated sensors and data analytics (Morrone et al., 2022). Wearable IoT (W-IoT) devices are particularly promising, offering
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