Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 187-195 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 190 3.3 Reproductive management PLF technologies also play a crucial role in reproductive management by providing detailed insights into the reproductive status and behavior of livestock. Sensors and monitoring systems can track estrus cycles, detect pregnancies, and monitor birthing processes, enabling farmers to make informed decisions about breeding and reproductive health (Morrone et al., 2022). These technologies help in optimizing breeding schedules, improving reproductive success rates, and reducing the time and labor required for manual monitoring (Benjamin and Yik, 2019). Additionally, the use of PLF in reproductive management can enhance genetic selection programs by providing accurate data on reproductive performance, thereby contributing to the overall improvement of livestock breeds (Lovarelli et al., 2020). 3.4 Environmental monitoring and sustainability Environmental monitoring is another critical application of PLF, aimed at ensuring the sustainability of livestock farming. Technologies such as remote sensing and environmental control systems can monitor various environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity, and air quality, to create optimal living conditions for livestock (Silva et al., 2022). These systems help in reducing the environmental impact of farming by optimizing resource use and minimizing waste. Furthermore, PLF technologies can track and manage the carbon footprint of livestock operations, contributing to the development of carbon-efficient farming practices1. By integrating environmental monitoring with other PLF applications, farmers can achieve a balance between productivity and sustainability, ensuring the long-term viability of livestock farming (Banhazi et al., 2012). 4 Case Study: Implementation of PLF in Dairy Farming 4.1 Overview of the dairy farm case study The case study focuses on the implementation of precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies in a dairy farm setting. PLF technologies have been increasingly adopted in dairy farming to enhance productivity, animal welfare, and sustainability. The farm in question has integrated various PLF tools to monitor and manage the health, behavior, and productivity of dairy cattle. This case study aims to provide insights into the practical application of these technologies and their impact on the farm's operations (Halachmi and Guarino, 2016). 4.2 Technologies used and their integration The dairy farm utilized a range of PLF technologies, including individual cow activity sensors, automatic milking systems, and real-time health monitoring tools. These technologies were integrated into a cohesive system that allowed for continuous monitoring and data collection. For instance, accelerometers were used to track cow activity and detect lameness, while automatic milking systems provided data on milk yield and quality (Kaur et al., 2023). Additionally, sensors for monitoring environmental conditions within the barn were employed to ensure optimal living conditions for the cattle. 4.3 Impact on productivity, animal welfare, and sustainability The implementation of PLF technologies had a significant positive impact on the farm's productivity, animal welfare, and sustainability. The continuous monitoring of cow health and behavior allowed for early detection of diseases and timely interventions, which improved overall herd health and reduced veterinary costs (Kaur et al., 2023). The automatic milking systems increased milking efficiency and consistency, leading to higher milk yields and better milk quality (Palma-Molina et al., 2023). Furthermore, the use of environmental sensors helped maintain optimal barn conditions, contributing to the well-being of the animals and reducing stress-related issues (Lovarelli et al., 2020). These improvements also translated into economic benefits, as healthier and more productive cows resulted in higher profitability for the farm (Figure 2) (Morrone et al., 2022). Morrone et al. (2022) found that the global distribution of published articles on Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) varies significantly by species. Research on cattle is predominantly concentrated in North America and Europe, indicating a strong focus on improving cattle farming practices in these regions. In contrast, studies on swine are more prominent in China and parts of Europe, reflecting the economic importance and scale of swine production in these areas. Research on small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, is more dispersed, with notable contributions from Africa and Asia, which are regions where these animals play a critical role in local agriculture.
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