Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 178-186 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 182 5 Ethical Considerations and Regulatory Framework 5.1 Ethical implications of gene editing in livestock The application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in livestock breeding raises several ethical concerns. One primary issue is the welfare of the animals subjected to genetic modifications. While the goal is to enhance disease resistance, the long-term effects on animal health and well-being are not fully understood. Ethical considerations also extend to the potential for unintended genetic consequences, which could affect not only the target animals but also the broader ecosystem if these animals were to interact with wild populations (Islam et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). Moreover, the moral implications of altering the genetic makeup of animals for human benefit must be considered. This includes the debate over whether it is ethically acceptable to manipulate animal genomes to suit human needs, potentially at the expense of the animals’ natural characteristics and behaviors (Zhang et al., 2020). The balance between the benefits of disease resistance and the ethical treatment of animals remains a contentious issue that requires ongoing dialogue among scientists, ethicists, and the public. 5.2 Current regulatory landscape for CRISPR-Cas9 in animal breeding The regulatory framework for CRISPR-Cas9 technology in animal breeding varies significantly across different regions. In some countries, genome-edited animals are subject to the same regulations as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which involve rigorous safety assessments and approval processes. For instance, the European Union has stringent regulations that classify genome-edited animals as GMOs, requiring comprehensive risk assessments before they can be approved for commercial use (Zhang et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). Other countries, such as the United States, have a more flexible approach. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates genome-edited animals on a case-by-case basis, focusing on the specific genetic changes and their potential impacts rather than the method used to create them. This regulatory landscape is continually evolving as new scientific insights and public opinions emerge, highlighting the need for international harmonization of regulations to facilitate the safe and ethical use of CRISPR-Cas9 in animal breeding (Liu et al., 2022). 5.3 Public perception and acceptance Public perception and acceptance of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in livestock breeding are crucial for its successful implementation. There is a significant gap between scientific advancements and public understanding, which can lead to skepticism and resistance. Concerns about food safety, environmental impact, and animal welfare are common among the public, and these concerns must be addressed through transparent communication and education (Islam et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). Engaging with the public to explain the benefits and risks of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, as well as the ethical considerations involved, is essential. Building trust through open dialogue and involving stakeholders in decision-making processes can help mitigate fears and increase acceptance. Additionally, highlighting successful case studies, such as the development of disease-resistant cattle and pigs, can demonstrate the potential positive impacts of this technology on food security and animal health (Islam et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). 6 Future Perspectives and Research Directions 6.1 Potential for broader applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in cattle The CRISPR-Cas9 technology has shown immense potential in various fields, including plant and animal biotechnology. In cattle, the application of CRISPR-Cas9 could extend beyond disease resistance to include traits such as improved milk production, enhanced growth rates, and better feed efficiency. The technology’s versatility allows for precise genetic modifications, which can be tailored to address specific needs in cattle breeding programs. For instance, CRISPR-Cas9 has been successfully used to insert the NRAMP1 gene to produce tuberculosis-resistant cattle and to delete the CD163 gene to create pigs resistant to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) (Islam et al., 2020). These examples highlight the potential for broader applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in enhancing various economically important traits in cattle.
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