Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 62-71 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 63 improvement; and to explore how to achieve genetic improvement of poultry while maintaining genetic diversity. to prevent narrowing of the gene pool due to breeding. This study is expected to identify key genetic factors related to poultry adaptability, provide scientific basis and technical guidance for poultry breeding, and ultimately achieve the goal of improving the overall adaptability and production efficiency of the poultry industry to environmental changes. By comprehensively applying advanced genetic analysis technologies such as GWAS, this research hopes to provide innovative solutions to the environmental pressure issues faced by the global poultry industry and promote the sustainable development of the poultry industry. 1 Classification and Impact of Environmental Pressure In the modern poultry industry, environmental stresses have a significant impact on the growth, performance and overall health of the birds. Environmental stress can be divided into three categories: temperature change and heat stress, disease stress, and feed and nutritional stress. These pressures not only affect the welfare and survival rate of poultry, but also directly affect the quality and quantity of poultry products, thus posing challenges to agricultural production efficiency. 1.1 Temperature changes and heat stress Extreme temperatures, whether high or low, can have significant effects on poultry physiology. Especially in hot environments, the heat stress response in poultry is activated. The heat dissipation methods of poultry mainly include heat dissipation through breathing and heat dissipation through the skin. However, in high temperature environments, these heat dissipation mechanisms are often difficult to work effectively, leading to an imbalance in the body temperature regulation mechanism. Long-term heat stress can cause problems such as growth retardation, reduced egg production, and reduced immune function in poultry. In severe cases, it can even lead to death (Figure 1). High temperature will also affect the food intake of poultry, further exacerbating the problem of nutritional deficiencies and forming a vicious cycle. Figure 1 Relationship of HS with physiological and biochemical changes in chicken and how it affects broiler chickens' meat quality (Nawaz et al., 2021) 1.2 Disease pressure Disease is one of the major environmental stressors that threatens poultry health and performance. Poultry are susceptible to infection by a variety of pathogens during breeding, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. For example, diseases such as avian influenza, avian cholera and Newcastle disease can not only cause mass deaths of poultry, but also reduce the growth rate and egg production rate of surviving poultry. The outbreak and spread of
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODY0NQ==