Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 95-105 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 103 4.2 Conservation of genetic diversity Balancing the improvement of productive traits with the conservation of genetic diversity is a delicate task. A study on genomic prediction using a reference population of multiple pure breeds and admixed individuals highlights the need to maintain genetic diversity while selecting for desirable traits (Karaman et al., 2021). This balance is critical to avoid the negative consequences of inbreeding and to ensure the long-term sustainability of livestock populations (Karaman et al., 2021). Strategic crossbreeding and the establishment of genetic diversity databases are potential solutions to this challenge. Crossbreeding can introduce beneficial alleles and increase heterozygosity, which may enhance the robustness and adaptability of livestock (Teng et al., 2019; Karaman et al., 2021). Moreover, the creation of genetic diversity databases can help monitor and manage the genetic variation within and across breeds, as suggested by the genomic analysis of dairy cattle (Gutierrez-Reinoso et al., 2021). These databases can serve as a repository of genetic information that can be used to inform breeding decisions and conservation strategies (Gutierrez-Reinoso et al., 2021). In conclusion, the challenges of data acquisition and handling, as well as the conservation of genetic diversity, are significant but can be addressed through the use of advanced technologies and strategic breeding practices. High-quality genotype data and big data analytics are key to improving the accuracy of genomic predictions, while crossbreeding and genetic diversity databases play a crucial role in maintaining the genetic health of livestock populations. 5 Future Trends 5.1 Precision breeding technologies The advent of precision breeding technologies is poised to revolutionize livestock breeding by enhancing the selection process for complex traits. One of the most promising aspects of precision breeding is the application of gene editing and CRISPR technology. These technologies allow for precise modifications of the genome, enabling the introduction or removal of specific genetic traits with unprecedented accuracy. The potential of CRISPR technology in livestock breeding is vast, with the possibility of creating animals that are more resistant to diseases, have improved productivity, and are better adapted to environmental challenges (Hayes and Goddard, 2010; Woolliams, 2011). Another innovative approach within precision breeding is the use of genetic drive technologies, particularly in pest control. Genetic drives can spread specific genetic alterations through populations at an accelerated rate, which could be utilized to control or eradicate pests that affect livestock health and productivity. While this technology is still in its infancy, it holds significant promise for sustainable livestock management and could greatly reduce the reliance on chemical pest control methods (Woolliams, 2011). 5.2 Sustainable breeding strategies Sustainable breeding strategies are increasingly important in the context of global environmental challenges and the need for more eco-friendly agricultural practices. Eco-friendly breeding technologies aim to reduce the environmental footprint of livestock farming by selecting for traits that improve feed efficiency and reduce waste. Genomic selection plays a crucial role in this, as it allows for the accurate prediction of breeding values for traits associated with environmental sustainability, such as reduced methane emissions or better utilization of feed resources (Zhang et al., 2014; Meuwissen et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2016). Moreover, the symbiotic relationship between livestock farming and environmental conservation is gaining attention. By selecting for traits that enhance the adaptability of livestock to various environmental conditions, it is possible to maintain productive farming systems that are in harmony with local ecosystems. This approach not only supports the conservation of biodiversity but also ensures the resilience of livestock populations in the face of climate change and other environmental pressures (Hayes and Goddard, 2010; Gutierrez-Reinoso et al., 2021).
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