Animal Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 95-105 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/amb 100 tools are being used to mitigate the negative effects of inbreeding and to facilitate precision management on modern dairy farms. Novel genome editing methodologies also hold promise for the future of dairy cattle selection (Figure 3) (Ding et al., 2013; Gutierrez-Reinoso et al., 2021). Figure 3 Overview of the impact of genomics on several dairy science topics (Photo credit: Gutierrez-Reinoso et al., 2021) Image caption: (1) Method used for the direct selection of heritable measures of gene expression. (2) A statistical framework for genomic estimations. (3) Genomic relationship matrices for highly accurate estimation of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV). (4) Unique data resolution methods in very large animal populations; GS = iterative Gauss–Seidel; PCG = preconditioned conjugate gradient; one-step GREML = genome-based restricted maximum likelihood used for >50,000 genotyped animal populations. (5) Analysis of the genetic diversity determining population structure, performing high-density genetic maps and providing genotypes for genome-wide association analysis. (6) Determination of the genomic inbreeding footprint for a specific subpopulation by estimating the individual autozygosity. Under each dairy science topic (production, reproduction, health and animal welfare, environment, linear type traits) examples of relevant traits studied through genomic tools to date are listed (Adopted from Gutierrez-Reinoso et al., 2021)
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