Animal Molecular Breeding 2016, Vol.6, No.1, 1
-
7
1
Reviews and Progresses
Open
Access
A Review of Some Developmental Anomalies in Domestic Species in North
Central Region of Nigeria-Contributions of Normadism and Climate Changes in
Embryo-toxicicitity
Samuel O.M.
1
, Wanmi N.
1
, Usende L.
2
, Ozegbe P.C.
2
1 Departments of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria
2 Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Corresponding
authors
email:
Aminal Molecular
Breeding,
2016,
Vol.6,
No.01
doi:
Received: 12 Oct., 2015
Accepted: 27 Nov., 2015
Published: 01 Jan., 2016
Copyright
© 2016
Samuel et al.,
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Preferred
citation
for
this
article:
Samuel O.M., Wanmi N., Usende L., and Ozegbe P.C., 2016,
A Review of Some Developmental Anomalies in Domestic Species in North Central Region of
Nigeria-Contributions of Normadism and Climate Changes in Embryo-toxicicitity, Animal Molecular
Breeding,
6(01):
1
-
7 (doi:
Abstract
This review of literatures on some developmental anomalies in domestic animals reported in the middle belt region of
Nigeria seeks to evaluate the contributions of embryo-toxic contributions of environmental factors in syndromic monsters among
domestic species. Three cases were considered including a rare case of Amelia brachiomelia monobrachium in a doe-goat, congenital
bovine fetal Anasarca (calf) and Dicephalic, Dithoracic, Abdominopagus, Ischio-omphalopagus Tetrabrachius Tetrascelus (lamb) in
Benue state. This survey evaluated each dysmorphologies in an embryologic perspective in an effort to reveal unexplored areas
which may illuminate on possible pathogenetic pathways and may substrate in ameliorating the frequency of occurrence of
developmental errors. The investigation concludes an enhanced possibility of genetic disposition to mutative threshold by selection
through methylation repression of gene transcription in early embryo stage of affected species to result in DNA character damage and
that more investigation in this regards is necessary. By season of occurrence, unpredictable climate situations, sustained high
temperature deviations and phytoteratogens in alternative diets during extended dry periods may aggravate the pathogenesis of
hereditary dysgenesis.
Keywords
Goats; Congenital abnormalities; Amelia; Brachiomelia monobrachium; Congenital bovine fetal Anasarca; Conjoined
twins; Ecotoxicology; Climate phenomenon
Introduction
Genetic constitution in man and animals forms the
basis of hereditary disorders (Binanti and Riccaboni,
2011; Olopade
et al.,
2011) while character damages
in affected genomic architecture forms a substrate for
observed phenotypic expressions (Nodem and de
Lahunta, 1985; Gilbert, 2006) in a morphologically
abnormal individual. Dysmorphologies; caused by
genetic events such as gene mutations, chromosomal
aneuploidies
and
translocations
are
called
malformations (Szczerbal
et al.,
2006). These
malformations often appear as syndromes
involving
severally evolved embryonic systems in which
abnormalities are observed concurrently (Bowers,
2011).
Hereditary defects of limbs probably arise from
aplasia of limb buds from about the fourth to eighth
week of gestation (Corbera, 2002). The congenital
absence of one or more limbs in tetrapods is a rare
anomaly known as abrachia, and used to designate
agenesis of either or both thoracic limbs, whereas
apodia refers to agenesis of both pelvic limbs. A
missing limb is defined as monobrachia or monopodia
(Leipold
et al.,
1983; Leipold, 1997 and Szczerbal
et
al.,
2006) initiated at the instance of retinoic
acid-activated Hox genes (Newth, 1978; Gilbert, 2006)
by Tb
x5
and Tb
x4
proteins expression in limb fields
(fore and hind limbs respectively) in an early-stage
embryo. Synthesis may be attenuated by certain
chemical compounds (De Lahunta, 1983; Stratford et
al., 1996) occurring. Conjoined twinning is often
associated with pathogenetic discrepancies involving
two more or less developed organisms as a
consequence of incomplete cleavage at primitive
streak stage (Noden and De Lahunta, 1985) or a
secondary union of two separate monozygotic
embryonic discs in one of only eight specific sites
dorsally or ventrally joined to the neural tube
(Kaufman, 2004) at 13-14days after fertilization
(Kaufman, 2004) and exclusively associated with
