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Molecular Plant Breeding 2013, Vol.5, No.7, 36
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places like India where cultivars generally have low
gluten strength and gluten index; dough quality is
derived mainly through wet gluten content, therefore
no major loss in bread quality is observed in wheats
grown in warmer areas or the cultivars of shorter
duration. Alteration in protein content under high
temperature was also not observed in Chile (Lizana
and Calderini, 2013). However, the whole dynamics
change when quality of protein fractions are taken into
consideration.
Investigations revealed that varying weather
conditions can usher more variations in end-products,
flour recovery, protein/gluten contents and grain
hardness. Since a shift in inter-related grain properties
had been observed among two categories of wheat, it’s
got be reflected in major parameters of industrial
quality. Prospects of enhancing flour recovery through
grain hardness and gluten content will increase.
Opportunities to augment
chapati
quality through
grain hardness might turn handy. Increased variability
in grain hardness might also offer more chance of
getting soft grains needed for biscuit spread factor. In
anticipation of such changes, it shall be immensely
useful if selection parameter to develop high end-use
quality varieties is revisited to support product quality
in 2+12 category wheats.
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Study material and environment
Pipe-line and released varieties evaluated by
AICW&BIP during 2003-13 in five mega zones of the
country were taken as study material. Genotypes for
each zone were different depending upon growth
conditions prevailing in that agro-climatic region.
Northern hills zone (NHZ) covers hills and foothills of
Himalayas where crop is liable to face cold stress due
to low temperature. North-western plains zone
(NWPZ) labelled as most productive wheat land of
India, has the most soothing wheat growth
environment whereas adjoined north-eastern plains
zone (NEPZ) has shorter winter and humid climate.
Climate in the central India (CZ) is hot and dry and
crop often faces soil moisture stress. Peninsular zone
(PZ) has similar temperature and soil moisture
conditions but humidity is relatively higher. 558
genotypes evaluated during the 11 year period (NHZ:
92, NWPZ: 132, NEPZ: 141, CZ: 98 and PZ: 95) were
considered for distribution pattern of 5+10 and 2+12
and important grain quality attributes.
3.2 Observations recorded
Samples received from 3~5 locations of each zone
were analyzed at single laboratory located at the
Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal. Protocol
described by Payne et al
.
(1981) was applied to assort
study material for high molecular weight glutenin
subunits (HMWGS) and SDS (PAGE) was run for
fractionation of proteins. Observations were also
recorded on important grain quality attributes
(sedimentation volume, grain hardness index, grain
protein content at 14% grain moisture, dry and wet
gluten contents, gluten index, kernel weight, flour
recovery) and quality of the end-products (bread loaf
volume, bread quality score,
chapati
(flat bread)
quality score and biscuit spread factor). AACC (2000)
method was applied to examine processing and
milling quality. Conventional approach was adopted to
derive GLU 1 score (Payne et al., 1981) and
chapati
quality was analysed as per method suggested by Rao
et al. (1986). Grain protein recoded on Infra-Tec 1225
instrument was converted to 14% grain moisture.
Grain hardness index was measured by single kernel
characterization system 4100 and Quadrumat Senior
mill was used for recording flour extraction rate.
3.3 Statistical analysis
Data pertaining to different classes is presented as
means and Student t–test was applied to compare at
5% level of significance. Difference in variance
among genotypes of two groups was examined by F
test at
P 0.05
. Polynomial Order 2 trend was observed
in the scattered diagrams to observe relationship
between two component traits.
Acknowledgements
The authors express gratitude to the researchers conducting
field trials of AICW&BIP and providing samples for quality
analysis. This investigation is an outcome of a core research
project funded by the Indian council of Agricultural Research
for Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal.
References
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Chemists, American Association of Cereal Chemists, 15
th
Edn,
Arlington, USA
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Biol., (3): 73-79
Erbs M., Manderscheid R., Jansen G., Seddig S., Pacholski A., and Weigel
H-J, 2010, Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply on
grain quality parameters of wheat and barley grown in a crop rotation,